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What is a Diplomat?

Foreign services officers (FSO), more commonly referred to as diplomats, are commissioned members of the U.S. Department of State. These men and women advance U.S. interests abroad by supporting democratic development, identifying opportunities for American businesses and working toward the achievement of fair commerce and trade practices, all while promoting security and peaceful international relations.

The Foreign Service is comprised of foreign service officers and foreign service specialists (FSS). An FSO is a generalist, whereas an FSS has a profession specific job.

All future FSOs must pass the Foreign Service Officer Test (FSOT) and be granted medical and security clearance. This exam tests an applicant’s knowledge of various topics, including government, economics and culture.

Each FSO candidate selects from five different career tracks within the U.S. Department of State: Consular, Economic, Management, Political or Public Diplomacy. These diplomats may rotate through different departments throughout their careers.

Career Tracks

Consular Officer

Consular officers, often referred to as “the face of America,” work in foreign embassies. They adjudicate visa requests, protect U.S. borders, work with local authorities when American citizens have been arrested or are victims of crime abroad, aide in evacuation efforts and promote U.S. business interests.

One of the most enjoyable responsibilities of a consular officer is the facilitation of foreign adoptions; one of the most difficult is the notification to families who have lost loved ones overseas.

Economic Officers

An economic officer works diligently to maintain and improve trade relations between the U.S. and the international community. Senior economic officers spend much of their time advising ambassadors and negotiating treaties. Some economic officers live in Washington, D.C., as opposed holding international posts like many of their FSO counterparts.

To promote U.S. economic and commercial interests, these officers must understand their host country’s economy, the U.S. economy, intellectual property laws, energy security, trade policies, commercial diplomacy and all relevant environmental issues.

Management Officers

These individuals manage our embassies and equip fellow foreign officers with the resources needed to fulfill the embassy’s mission. As such, they handle matters related to real estate, finance, human resources and logistics. Management officers also negotiate certain economic privileges and immunities with host countries.

Management officers residing in Washington, D.C., oversee the recruitment, training or assignments of FSOs who are stationed abroad.

Political Officers

Through negotiation and the interpretation of foreign politics, these diplomats advance U.S. policy objectives in their host countries. While immersed in the local culture and political climate, these officers gain unique insight into international issues and how these issues impact the U.S. and its economy.

After gathering and analyzing relevant information, political officers advise U.S. ambassadors, local government officials and other diplomats.

Public Diplomacy Officers

Public diplomacy officers inform foreign citizens about the U.S., its people, its positions and its history. They are a primary source of contact for local reporters and government officials, and as such must be aware of U.S. political, educational and cultural matters. These officers also oversee educational and cultural exchange program budgets, serve on Fullbright boards and inform U.S. ambassadors about the state of affairs in their host countries.

Traits of a Foreign Services Officer

While FSOs work in five distinct career tracks, they share many characteristics. All FSOs are dedicated to public service and committed to supporting U.S. interests at home and abroad. Each officer is well versed in our country’s culture, political system, societal norms and geography. They also possess a thorough understanding of global politics.

FSOs are known for their leadership skills and impressive ability to maintain composure under pressure. Strong interpersonal and communication skills are called upon daily, and foreign language fluency is beneficial.

Challenges and Benefits of the Job

The tasks undertaken by FSOs help our country’s global advancement. They encourage diplomacy and provide cultural educational opportunities, all while traveling the world. FSOs have a bird’s-eye view of other cultures and societies.

While numerous benefits are associated with this job, it is a difficult one that often requires frequent international relocation. Additionally, FSOs may be stationed in war torn countries or hostile environments. An FSO’s salary is adjusted based on the circumstances under which he or she works.

Competitive Edge

Entry into the Foreign Service is extremely competitive. Many FSO applicants have lived and worked overseas. Most hold masters level degrees in public administration, business administration, international relations, law or economics.

Those who pursue an advance degree such as a Masters in Public Administration (MPA) can apply for U.S. Department of State internships or fellowships. These positions help students prepare for a career in public service.

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The Work of a Government Program Analyst

Program analysts are employed by private businesses and by local, state and federal government departments and agencies. The goal of a private sector program analyst is to increase corporate profitability. The goal of a public sector program analyst is to improve operations and procedures in ways that benefit the U.S., its people and its business interests.

General Program Analyst Responsibilities

The responsibilities of government program analysts vary from department to department, but there are some basic similarities. When reviewing a program, analysts gather and analyze data to determine the program’s effectiveness and submit enhancement and improvement recommendations. Analysts typically focus on a program’s fiscal, operational, legislative or political aspects. The reports and recommendations they generate help further and promote each program’s original purpose.

Examples of Program Analyst Positions

Program analysts serve within each government agency and department. While positions such as intelligence analyst are widely recognized, other roles are more obscure. The following is a description of some common analyst positions:

Public Policy Analyst: Deeply entrenched in the history of our global political system, public policy analysts study policy-related trends and government structures to discern real life implications of specific political strategies.

Counterterrorism Analyst: These members of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) evaluate the motives of terrorist organizations and relay their findings to government officials. Their work helps identify threats, possible attacks and other activities that could harm our country and its people.

Intelligence Analyst: As members of the CIA or Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), these analysts interpret information collected by government agents and operatives. Their interpretations help protect U.S. interests both at home and abroad.

Business Analyst/Management Analyst: Often referred to as management consultants, these analysts carefully review and examine government programs and processes creating important bureaucratic efficiency. Business and management analysts have significant information technology proficiency.

Operations Research Analyst: Mathematical analysis and operational research techniques allow these analysts to identify a program’s strengths and deficiencies, while reducing government costs.

Financial Analyst: These analysts are familiar with financial and economic principles. This knowledge is used to create general business forecasts. They also conduct financial cost evaluations and help determine the financial competence of current and potential government programs. Credit analysts, tax examiners, loan specialists and accountants all work within this job function.

Economic Analyst: Through micro and macro-style economic review, these analysts assess trade and other global financial issues affecting the U.S. economy.

Political Analyst: Extensive knowledge of foreign governments and cultures helps these individuals assess the impact of domestic policies on international relations.

The Skillset of a Government Program Analyst

First and foremost, all government analysts must understand our system of government as well as important policy considerations. Such knowledge can be acquired while pursuing relevant graduate degree programs, such as a Masters in Public Administration (MPA).

The primary responsibility of any government program analyst is to recognize program pitfalls and identify effective and efficient solutions. As such, these individuals must possess strong qualitative and quantitative analytical capabilities. Additionally, a willingness to learn, the ability to think outside the box, impeccable research skills and organizational awareness are important characteristics. Succinct written communication skills are also important, as analysts often present their recommendations via written report.

A government analyst’s effectiveness is bolstered by his or her relevant work experience and educational background.

To learn about other Government Jobs click here!

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The Work of an Educational Administrator

Educational administrators help manage our nation’s education system by providing guidance, oversight and support. These administrators work to advance both educational leadership and academic achievement.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics {http://www.bls.gov/}, there were 230,000 educational administrators in 2014. By 2022, this number is expected to grow by 15 percent in the postsecondary sector and by six percent in elementary, middle and high schools.

The various educational institutions at which they work include:

  • Preschools/Daycare Centers

  • Primary and Secondary Schools and School Districts (both public and private)

  • Trade Schools

  • Colleges and Universities

  • Charter Schools

  • Alternative Schools

  • Libraries

  • Museums

  • Corporations

Job Opportunities

Educational administrators develop, amend and implement curriculum, work with teachers, students and parents, write proposals and grant requests, work with school boards, plan and oversee school budgets, manage the operational aspects of the education system, work with human relations departments, hire and supervise educators, devise and enforce disciplinary procedures and analyze and implement federal, state and local regulations.

These tasks are addressed by individuals who hold numerous positions within the field of educational administration. Some of these positions include:

  • Preschool and Daycare Administrators

  • School Principals, Vice Principals and Assistant Principals

  • Private School Deans

  • Superintendents

  • Admissions Directors

  • College and University Presidents

  • Department Heads

  • Chief Academic Officers

  • Elected School Board Members

The individuals who fill these positions work tirelessly to improve our nation’s education system and to keep it competitive. Their invaluable work has wide-reaching impact. A school principal or superintendent’s vision and tone affect an entire community. Through their work, these administrators can bring communities together for the betterment of our nation’s youth.

The breath of an individual’s responsibility may depend on the size of the institution at which they work. Preschool administrators may be a team of one, whereas university department heads are part of a much larger network of employees.

Job Functions and Skillsets

Regardless of an educational administrator’s specific job title, there are certain nonnegotiable skills they all possess. For instance, all educational administrators are expected to have prior teaching experience. This experience is critical as these individuals work closely with teachers, develop and amend curriculum and evaluate and select standardized testing options. Standardized tests and assessments play an increasingly significant role in our students’ educational plan. Administrators and teachers work together to ensure that class lessons align with their state’s standardized tests. Prior teaching experience also helps administrators effectively address the varying needs of a diverse student body and staff.

Strong analytical skills help administrators accurately examine and follow federal, state and local regulations. These skills are also called upon when managing a school district’s budget and preparing annual financial reports.

While the educational administration profession can be laden with paperwork, it also requires significant human interaction. Administrators not only work with teachers, students and parents, they also field questions from school board members, community groups and alumni. Administrators must frequently call upon their problem-solving skills to adequately address the needs of this diverse group.

Educational administrators and teachers are integral to the success of our education system. The impact of their work is not merely theoretical, but rather is experienced each and every day by our nation’s youth.

For more exciting careers in Public Administration click here.

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Working as an Administrative Services Manager

Administrative service management positions exist in nearly every economic sector. The individuals who hold these positions are tasked with increasing an organization’s efficiency, productivity and profitability through their work in the following areas:

Vast differences exist between the responsibilities of an entry level administrative services employee and those of his or her management counterpart. The latter has typically amassed several years of relevant work experience and holds a masters degree in public administration (MPA) or masters degree in business administration (MBA). The policy decisions formulated by these higher-level employees and the cost cutting measures they enact have far reaching impact. An organization’s size and complexity often dictates the type of work its administrative services managers perform.

Skillset

Those working in the field of administrative services management should expect regular interaction with their organizational peers and with outside sources. This is not a profession devoid of human contact.

Strong analytical and negotiation skills are also crucial. For instance, when working in the areas of procurement and supply chain management, administrative services managers develop quality control standards, calculate how much organizations can spend on products and supplies and negotiate pricing.

As in most managerial positions, leadership skills are important. Many of the decisions made by these employees require organizational support and buy in.

Growth Areas

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics {http://www.bls.gov/}, eight percent growth is projected in this field between 2014 and 2024. The hiring needs for administrative services managers are often tied to the state of our nation’s economy, thus recruitment can vary by year. Additionally, the philosophy of our country’s current administration affects the number of administrative services managers needed in the public sector.

Energy Efficiency

Improving the energy efficiency of large factories, or even small offices, can dramatically impact an organization’s bottom line. A company or agency’s environmental improvement plan is often spearheaded by its administrative services manager. These managers research the benefits of installing items such as solar panels and fuel cells, and then present their findings to other members of the organization’s management team. Such improvements may also be required under newly enacted city and state regulations. Administrative services managers formulate, oversee and implement changes that are necessary to ensure compliance.

Emergency Preparation, Safety and Security

The federal government recommends all businesses have an emergency preparedness plan. These plans relate to building security measures, the procurement of emergency supplies and safety protocol. Administrative services managers are often involved in or responsible for the development of these plans.

These managers can also oversee a facility’s safety programs, and must guarantee that work is completed in accordance Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations and other safety protocol.

Technology

Many administrative services managers oversee their organization’s information governance department. Those who maintain and monitor company records must stay abreast of technological advances in terms of electronic record keeping, while remaining mindful of privacy and confidentiality laws. Changes to electronic record keeping systems can significantly improve efficiency but may also call the security of important documents into question.

Climbing the Administrative Services Ladder

The work experience of an administrative service manager, coupled with the skills and knowledge he or she gains while pursuing an advanced degree such as an MPA, could lead to career advancement.

These individuals may seek administrative positions in larger organizations or agencies, or pursue jobs such as director of administrative services or executive vice president of administrative services. Others choose to enter the field of management consulting, affording them the opportunity to apply their administrative management expertise to multiple organizations.

Administrative services managers complete a wide range of tasks for a variety of organizations and government agencies. These individuals have many career options.

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The Job of Mayor

Mayors work diligently to fairly represent citizens’ interests in city matters. In pursuit of this goal, these elected officials do not work alone, but rather in tandem with city council members, other administrative representatives and the people they represent. Mayors are influential, powerful individuals, but they must understand that power is ultimately held by the voters.

Local Government Structure

The power and influence a mayor holds is determined in large part by a city’s government structure. The two most prevalent local government structures are:

  • Council-Strong Mayor

  • Council-Weak Mayor or Council-Manager

Council-Strong Mayor

Under the Council-Strong Mayor system the mayor has significant authority and influence. He or she is essentially the city’s chief executive, handling all administrative duties, while the city council serves as the legislative body. This system resembles the constitutionally mandated separation of powers present between the president and Congress.

A Council-Strong Mayor oversees the city’s day-to-day functions and all personnel decisions. He or she may choose to appoint a deputy mayor to manage internal city issues, thereby allowing the mayor to focus on external and political matters. The role of deputy mayor is tantamount to that of a city manager.

The city council does play an important governing role under the Strong Mayor structure, but the mayor’s responsibilities and authority are far-reaching. For instance, he or she may have the right to veto city council directives. Strong Mayors also supervise the Board of Commissioners and appoint judges.

Some believe mayors operating within this structure are uniquely susceptible to outside influence. Business people, community groups and other interested parties need not gain the approval of the city council, but rather must only convince the mayor of the efficacy of their plans.

Council-Weak Mayor or Council-Manager

The Council-Weak Mayor system stands in stark contrast to its Strong Mayor counterpart. This format is primarily used in smaller cities and municipalities. Under a Weak Mayor structure, the city council exercises great control and influence, while the mayor may be a largely ceremonial figure. Accordingly, a city manager typically oversees the city’s day-to-day management decisions.

While the mayor makes political appearances, is involved in the city’s fiscal decisions and advises the council, most city decisions are ultimately made by the council itself.

Election Process

Each city’s charter governs its election process and dictates how many candidates can run for office. Most cities hold at-large elections, during which the citizens vote directly. In other cities, the mayor is selected by the city council. While election procedures may vary, all campaigns involve fundraising, public appearances and policy discussions.

Mayoral Qualities

Effective mayors are persuasive individuals who know how to manage, talk and listen. Citizens look to their mayor for direction, vision and reassurance.

Like any leader, mayors encounter difficult decisions. When making these decisions mayors not only examine the facts at hand, but must also consider the input of their constituents. This thoughtful management approach helps them earn the confidence of those they represent. Once this confidence has been established, a mayor is better able to gain support for his or her own city vision.

To an outsider, the mayor is the “face” of a city. Business leaders who are confident in a mayor’s capabilities are more likely set up shop, home buyers who believe the mayor is helping the town thrive are more likely to take up residence and tourists who applaud the improvements a mayor has made are more likely visit. These actions all increase the city’s revenue and benefit its citizens.

Mayoral candidates often supplement their practical work experience by pursuing a master’s in public administration (MPA). MPA programs broaden an individual’s understanding of administrative theory, financial management, economics, public policy, organizational structures and data analysis. Additionally, the collaborative nature of these programs is particularly beneficial to those seeking the office of mayor, as mayoral work is not a solitary practice.

Mayors work tirelessly to improve the lives of the people who reside in the cities they govern.

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Marketing Specialists Working in Public Administration

People often think of marketing in terms of promoting tangible goods or private sector brands. Notably, marketing efforts also support government initiatives, further nonprofit objectives and promote the careers of aspiring politicians.

A Congressional Research Services report indicated that in 2013, federal agencies spent $892.5 million on advertising services contracts. Most of these promotional campaigns took place within the Department of Defense, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Education, the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Department of Transportation. Public administration marketing specialists help federal, state and local officials better serve the American people.

Public Sector Marketing Opportunities

Branding In the realm of public administration marketing, the American people are the consumers. Like any private sector marketing employee, public administration marketing specialists must create a strong brand identity that represents the idea, service or candidate being promoted. Once established, this brand identity can help advance an agenda, bring attention to a particular government service, garner support for a specific cause or person, promote an event, share information or highlight an idea.

Government Agency and Program Promotion Through their work, public administration marketing specialists also increase society’s understanding of government programs. Often, individuals have difficulty recognizing the benefits associated with large scale government initiatives. Such promotional efforts allow people to see beyond their own circumstances and better realize how these programs benefit society as a whole. These specialists reduce negative perceptions, thereby increasing program participation.

City Expansion City managers seeking growth opportunities often turn to marketing specialists. These specialists can help attract new families to an area, promote real estate investment, bring in businesses or entice retail and industrial developers. Public administration marketing specialists also help city and state officials pursue Olympic bids or other large scale event opportunities.

Political Candidates Political campaigns are closely akin to private sector marketing campaigns. Candidates spend large sums of money identifying their target customers (the voters) and then create a campaign to sell their unique political brand.

Synergies Marketing specialists recognize that important synergies exist between government agencies. Similarly, synergies are also present between government agencies and nonprofit organizations. By capitalizing on these synergies, agencies and organizations can more efficiently achieve their mutual objectives.

Public Health, Safety and Wellness Many public administration marketing campaigns encourage compliance with laws enacted to improve the public’s health and safety or to protect the environment. Public sector campaign slogans such as, “Click it or Ticket,” “Friends Don’t Let Friends Drive Drunk” and “Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires” promote increased safety and wellness. Public sector campaigns also promote corporate responsibility.

Challenges Facing Public Administration Marketing Specialists

Public administration marketing campaigns do not typically focus on one target market or niche. Rather, the marketing specialists working on these campaigns must create a message that speaks to the entire nation. Additionally, public administration marketing specialists may be constrained by tight operating budgets, limited resources and an abundance of red tape. That said, the creative individuals who overcome these hurdles take great pride in the positive and lasting impact of their work.

Specialized Knowledge

Private and public sector marketing specialists perform similar tasks, though their previous work experiences and educational backgrounds may differ. While pursuing an advanced degree, such as a Masters in Public Administration (MPA), future public sector marketing specialists learn how to work within our system of government. The application of this knowledge helps these individuals effectively promote government programs, initiatives and ideas.

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Working as a Director of Development for a Nonprofit Organization

Nonprofit organizations are known for their uniquely altruistic objectives. Managers within these organizations hold positions similar to those of their for-profit counterparts with one notable exception, the director of development. A nonprofit director of development’s primary responsibility is fundraising. These individuals work closely with the organization’s executive director and board of directors in pursuit of this goal.

The Role of Director of Development

A director of development secures donor relationships and responds to donor concerns, thereby allowing the organization’s executive director to focus on the institution itself.

Nonprofit development department employees directly impact the likelihood that the organization will achieve its fundraising goals. The department’s director is involved in the hiring, training and mentoring of his or her staff. A nonprofit organization’s size and structure dictates the extent to which a director is involved in day-to-day fundraising efforts. Development directors for larger nonprofits play a more advisory role, whereas those working in smaller organizations must also focus on operational responsibilities.

From a macro-perspective directors develop, evaluate and implement fundraising plans. On a micro- level, these individuals research potential donors, write grant proposals and promote the organization’s purpose. Through public appearances, the oversight of fundraising events and the management of capital campaigns, development directors increase organizational awareness while cultivating donor partnerships.

A director determines the efficacy of his or her department by monitoring fundraising programs and reviewing expenses. After preparing accountability reports, the director presents his or her findings to the nonprofit’s executive director and to its board members.

Necessary Skills, Experience and Knowledge

Affable, genuine individuals who passionately support the nonprofit’s purpose are best suited for this highly interactive role. Directors spend a significant amount of time contacting and recruiting potential donor partners. Strong communication skills and a trustworthy demeanor foster productive conversations. Equally important are a director’s strong organizational and analytical skills. These skills facilitate the careful monitoring of fundraising campaigns and allow for well-reasoned strategic adjustments.

When hiring an individual for this role, an executive director considers the applicant’s relevant work experience and his or her record for successfully planning and executing fundraising programs. Nonprofit development directors are essentially “selling” the organization’s mission to potential donors. This task is best completed by a tenacious individual who is persuasive, but not overbearing. Previous interaction with executive managers and board members is also desirable.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics {www.bls.gov} expects the role of fundraiser to grow nine percent between 2014 and 2024. This exceeds the expected average growth rate for all occupations.

Professional Development

While all directors of development must have relevant work experience before fulfilling this role, some of the job’s requisite skills can be acquired in a classroom environment. For instance, advanced degree programs such as a masters of public administration (MPA) help students develop a working knowledge of fundraising management techniques and how to best capitalize on volunteer resources. MPA programs can also teach students how to interpret the legislative measures that affect charitable organizations.

The best development directors are not fame seekers. Rather, their primary motivation is to further the nonprofit’s objectives in a professional and efficient manner.

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Government Auditor

Overview

Government auditors, working on federal, state and local levels, examine government agencies’ financial records. The auditor’s findings increase each agency’s efficiency, ensure that government funds are being spent appropriately and serve as the basis for performance improvement recommendations.

Major Responsibilities

The primary goal of a government auditor is to help a government organization run smoothly. Some of their responsibilities include:

  • Performing a complete financial record analysis
  • Reviewing financial data to verify the absence of fraudulent or illegal practices
  • Examining budget plans
  • Reviewing internal controls
  • Suggesting cost reduction strategies
  • Identifying revenue enhancement tactics and other performance related best practices
  • Presenting oral and written findings to the government agency’s management team

While most government auditors are internal government employees, other auditor configurations also exist. An internal agency audit is completed by individuals who work within the agency itself. Auditors can also work for government agencies other than the one they are reviewing. Government auditors also examine the financial records of private organizations that receive government grants or are operating under a government contract. Finally, the government may hire private auditors to examine its agencies’ financial practices.

Government auditors help ensure that private citizens’ tax dollars are being used appropriately and effectively. These auditors work with the organization’s management team and operate as pseudo-consultants. Based on information collected during an audit, they suggest better ways for elected officials to reach their program’s goals and improve upon performance. They can also demonstrate ways to better track the agency’s progress. Incorporating an auditor’s unique perspective can help organizations successfully reach their program’s goals.

Auditors who work for agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) have agency-specific assignments. For example, IRS auditors review the tax records of public organizations, businesses and private citizens and FBI auditors often examine financial information revealed through criminal investigations.

A Typical Day

Government auditing is a full time position that often requires overtime work. The work can be seasonal, as it is often based on the tax calendar. While number crunching is a solitary act, these auditors also work in teams when compiling their final findings.

Audit Process: Audits typically begin with a formal opening meeting. The entire audit team will meet with the agency or organization’s management team and set forth the audit’s scope. The agency’s management team will be told how the records will be gathered and how the findings will ultimately be reported. Auditors then begin a high-level assessment of the financial documents, followed by a narrower assessment that involves evidence collection. Before the audit is finalized, the team will report its preliminary findings to the agency or organization’s top managers and ask for their input. Finally, the formal findings will be shared with all relevant managers. This information is then used to offer suggestions for organization-wide improvement.

Important Things to Know

Becoming a Government Auditor

Individuals interested in this career should pursue relevant internal auditor certifications, solidify their understanding of accounting practices and become well-versed in various financial analysis techniques. Applicants should also become familiar with our nation’s tax laws and finance regulations. Some auditors worked as a local government clerk or record keeper before securing this position.

Salary

In 2017, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS){www.bls.gov} reported the median income of a government tax auditor as $69,350.

Supervision

The proper method of supervision of a government tax auditor is up for debate. Some favor the use of audit committees. These committees are currently used in the private sector to improve accountability and create more transparency.

Education and Skill Requirements

Education: Most government auditors have a bachelor’s degree in accounting. They need not be certified public accountants, but this masters level degree can make a candidate more competitive. If the auditor is a CPA, he or she will need to take continuing education classes to remain in good standing.

A Masters of Public Administration (MPA) is another way potential auditors can gain a competitive edge. MPA programs teach qualitative and quantitative skill sets, cover matters of ethics, regulation and public policy and delve into the workings of government agencies. These topics are all relevant to the government auditing process.

Skills: Auditors must be precise. The people who hold these positions also need a keen eye for details and an analytical mind. While much of this work is completed independently, auditors also work together to combine their findings and make final conclusions, hence the position should be staffed by people who work well with others.

As stated, many government auditors are internal members of the agencies they examine. These individuals must be steadfast in their impartiality.

Career Options and Outlook

There are many career options available to government auditors. The complexity of our nation’s tax code and regulatory standards have created a high need for qualified auditors. BLS reports the average rate of growth for this position between 2016-2016 is 10%. This is a higher than average job growth rate.

A government auditor’s work ensures the proper use of tax revenue and bolsters the honesty and effectiveness of federal, state and local government agencies and organizations.

Learn more about Government Auditors here.

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Human Resource Management Specialization

Human Resource Management Career

A human resources manager is the liaison between government officials or corporate managers and their respective employees. Human resources managers oversee all administrative functions, including hiring, training, compensation and benefit plans, employee grievances, employee discipline, personnel policies, labor negotiations and many other administrative matters.

What is a Human Resource Management MPA Specialization?

Students pursuing a Master of Public Administration (MPA) learn some of the skills and knowledge that apply to the human resources profession. These students learn how to create policies and procedures that keep an organization running smoothly. Students who pursue an MPA with a specialization in human resources management, are particularly prepared to succeed in this field.

MPA human resources specialization programs cover many topics pertaining to the management of complex government agencies and organizations, private businesses and non-profit entities. Courses within this specialization can cover:

  • Talent recruitment, acquisition and retention techniques
  • Performance evaluation and management
  • Legal and ethical considerations
  • Compensation and benefits systems
  • Pros and cons of alternate workplans
  • Legal regulations
  • Conflict resolution strategies
  • Technological impact on productivity
  • Technological impact on social behavior
  • Management and leadership expectations
  • Potential effects of global competition
  • Succession planning
  • Labor union relationships
  • Multicultural workplace matters
  • Impact of government regulation on a private business or organization
  • Human resources management trends and their effects

The above functions apply to public and private sector human resource managers. This specialization also includes courses that specifically apply to government human resource management. These concepts can include:

  • Management of a public workforce
  • Civil services procedures
  • Foreign government systems

Career Options with this Specialization

Individuals with this specialized degree have many career options. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) {www.bls.gov} reports that 14% of human resources managers work for corporations and 10% work for the government. BLS predicts a 9% job growth rate in this field between 2016-2026.

Private Sector Human Resource Positions

In the private sector, entry level human resources employees are referred to as human resource specialists. These specialists oversee strictly administrative matters such as wages, the assignment of benefit plans and training. They do not delve into policy discussions.

Human resources employees with more practical experience, or a specialized graduate degree, hold management level positions. Human resource managers oversee their entire department and work on more sensitive employee and policy related matters.

In large corporations, the top human resources employees are referred to as director or vice president of human resources. These individuals are members of the company’s executive leadership team. They have many responsibilities, including the direction of labor relations issues through the negotiation and drafting of union contracts and the coordination of wages and grievance processes for nonunion shops. Working closely with the rest of the organization’s executive team, these professionals address matters that affect the overall business.

Human resource management jobs are created each time a company forms, merges or expands. Additionally, the substantive work of a human resources manager is currently changing. While these individuals will always be responsible for coordinating an organization’s administrative functions, new tasks are being added to their job profiles. Top officials and executives consider them valuable business partners.

Public Sector Human Resource Positions

While these positions may have different titles in the public sector, the overall career progression is similar. In the government system, human resource positions are created each time a new administration takes office. The addition of an MPA, with a specialization in human resource management, creates a competitive advantage for candidates applying for these government jobs.

Return on Investment

The field of human resources management is staffed by highly educated individuals. Corporate executives and high-level government officials expect their human resources team members to have undergraduate, and often, graduate level degrees. Practical experience is required for these positions, but the theoretical aspects of this career are best learned in an academic setting.

Human resource management pay varies by sector of employment and an organization’s size and location. In 2017, BLS reported the median salary for a human resources manager as $110,120. Directors, Vice Presidents and specialized MPA graduates may earn a higher annual salary.

Is this the Right Master of Public Administration Specialization for you?

Human resource management is often characterized as the “softer” side of business. This career combines personnel matters, negotiation and business management. Simply having prior business experience does not adequately equip individuals for this profession. While pursuing this specialized master’s level degree, students gain theoretical and applied knowledge in the areas of public policy, change management, organizational structure and performance management.

Many of the qualities of a human resources manager cannot be taught in school. The most effective human resources employees combine their practical work experience, theoretical academic knowledge and innate interpersonal, communication and leadership skills.

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10 Great Paying Public Administration Jobs and How to Get Them

So you’re interested in getting a degree in public administration, but you’re wondering what kinds of public administration jobs you have to choose from – and what you should aim for to get the salary you want.

The truth is that there are very many different positions and career paths in the field of public administration.

It will help you see why you should get your MPA in 2018.

Top Paying Public Administration Jobs 2018

1. Federal Government Worker – Average Salary Range from $40,000 to $100,000

One of the first things that come to mind when you think of public administration jobs is probably a government worker such as a government distributor or government manager.

One of the biggest employers in the field is, in fact, the federal government, and it is highly possible to get a job with them.

The positions you can fill for them include:

  • Financial manager
  • Human resources manager
  • General operations manager
  • Labor relations manager
  • Budget analyst
  • Accountant or auditor
  • Tax examiner
  • Purchasing agent
  • Logistician

A great advantage is that they’re present almost everywhere, and their database is a great place to look for public administration jobs.

Public Administration consistently deals with critical issues and how they affect the ever-changing needs of the general population. Analyzing and implementing policy, managing budgets, overseeing expenditures and how to effectively communicate to lead the masses are just a few of the skills you’ll develop in the public sector management MPA curriculum at Anna Maria College.

See the Federal Government employment site for current openings.

The median salary for the first few years is $45,000, and after ten years it’s $100,000.

2. Local Government Worker – Average Salary $41,000

The local government in your region have most of the same needs as the federal government, just on a smaller scale. Budget meetings need organizing, staff needs supervision, different levels need better communication, and so on.

Many departments are looking for skilled administrators to join the team and keep the government agency running efficiently.

If you have an MPA degree, the following career paths will be some of the possibilities open for you:

  • Community Health Director
  • Police Commissioner
  • Board of Directors of Education
  • Local Transportation Board
  • City Director
  • Urban Planning and Development Director
  • Parks and Recreation Director

Many other management positions exist on a local level. Things such as education, transportation, and health all need administrators on different levels to organize the work and oversee community finances.

There are also civil service jobs. These are typically more people-oriented. Civil service can be working directly with citizens and residents, typically for local or federal government.

The median starting salary is around $41,000.

3. Public Administration Consultant – Average Salary $72,000

Public Administration Jobs 2018

As a public administration expert, you can also go on into consulting. The outline for this kind of job revolves around professional advice and policy-making regarding things like budgets and deadlines.

Your job as a consultant will be to analyze a private or public sector organization and their operations, and make informed recommendations on ways to achieve goals with more efficiency.

Other tasks may include developing ways to increase the organization’s funding, and assisting the development of policy to meet big goals.

The average salary for is $72,000.

4. City Manager – Average Salary $86,000

The job of a city manager is to work toward improving city government performance and achieve higher levels of success and efficiency, in a sense running the city on successful business principles.

In smaller towns outside of the cities, these tasks are handled by a county manager, which is an equivalent position you may want to pursue.

Your main responsibility will be supervising the day to day progress of the city (or county) that you work for. This includes management of operations and budgets for the regional departments. For example, cutting expenses in hard economic times when tax revenue is low.

These managers are picked out by elected officials. You can be chosen for a city or a small town, and part-time positions are common.

The median salary is around $86,000.

5. Education Administrator – Average Salary $61,000

Education administrators work for schools, colleges, universities, preschools, and even daycare centers. The education administrator manages routine activities and provides educational leadership within these institutions.

You may also find this job at museums, community service organizations, correctional facilities, and businesses that have an integrated education program.

Basically, all levels of education have use for education administrators. Responsibilities you’ll have may vary and include:

  • Budget management, record-keeping supervision, and ensuring adherence to financial systems
  • Handling relations with the community, parents, employers, and the students themselves
  • Assisting with marketing activities and recruitment
  • Supervising, motivating, and training the faculty, both teachers and auxiliary staff
  • Supervising and supporting an academic team of teachers, tutors or lecturers
  • Managing guidance programs and other student services
  • Working on task groups and committees such as academic boards and governing bodies
  • Assisting with policy and regulations
  • Ensuring high quality, handling course evaluation or complaints procedures
  • Processing invoices and purchases of needed goods

Education is a huge part of public service, so there’s a growing demand for qualified education administrators who can handle the instructional leadership and management of schools and other educational institutions.

The median salary is roughly $61,000.

6. Budget Director – Average Salary $89,000

With such limited funding from both taxpayers and members, and the need for meticulous allocation of said funds, a lot of nonprofit organizations and government agencies are in need of a skillful budget director.

As a budget director, you’ll be overseeing the economic growth and development programs of cities and organizing plans to promote more economic growth. You’ll work as an effective liaison for government officials as well as business interests.

Your tasks will revolve around researching and analyzing statistic data to find ways to reduce expenses, increase efficiency, and boost over-all organization success and survival.

These public administration jobs can be found at every level of government – federal, state, county, and city.

The median salary is roughly $89,000.

7. Nonprofit Director – Average Salary $63,000

In this public administration career, you’ll be tasked with overseeing programs that help nonprofit organizations and government agencies become more efficient, better their image, and improve relations with the public.

There are different jobs in this category. From fundraising and press releases to organizing outreach programs or even running the organization.

Potential paths include:

  • Director of Development:
    You’ll focus on handling the funds and deciding where they should be used. NGOs need to raise money efficiently and invest them wisely in relevant programs. Typical responsibilities could include:

    • management of fundraising efforts
    • informing the public about your organization’s importance
    • overseeing the recruitment and training of new volunteers
  • Public Relations Manager:
    Your responsibilities will revolve around maintaining good relationships with the public, as well as private and public sector clients. Typical responsibilities could include:

    • writing press releases
    • speeches and interviews
    • evaluating marketing efforts
    • managing events to enhance relationships between the public and the organization
  • Program Director:
    You may be in charge of one, a few, or all of an organization’s programs. The focus of this job is to improve each program within the institution. Your responsibilities may include analyzing, planning, and evaluating the effectiveness of the programs. These public administration jobs make good stepping stones to start climbing up the ladder.
  • CEO:
    At the top, the executive director position is effectively like being the CEO of a non-profit organization. Typically chosen by the board to run the whole organization. You’ll be in charge of civic duties such as fundraising and advocacy.

The average national salary for nonprofit directors is $63,000.

8. Research Associate – Average Salary $50,000

A possible first step into your public administration career is to work as a research associate. Your tasks will be to conduct research and interviews, as well as gathering research material and writing research reports.

Unlike a research fellow, a research associate is not just a limited-term arrangement relying on research grants from a federal organization or private company. And you won’t be paired as an assistant to a senior scholar.

Research Associate is a budgeted academic position that comes with a formal job description.

Your task will be to offer consultancy and assistance with research tasks to faculty and students within your department who need help with the technical side of their research.

You may get hired by a university for various tasks related to writing research grants for the grant department, or by graduate schools who need someone to help doctoral students with research for dissertations.

To find one of the better openings in this line of public administration jobs, you will need an MPA. The School of Public Policy & Administration’s online Master of Public Administration (MPA) from the University of Delaware  helps you strengthen your knowledge and skills in these areas using applied research and case studies.

The average salary is around $50,000.

9. Human Resources Director – Average Salary $84,000

The human resources field is full of related openings and public administration jobs. And you may find employment with the government or a non-profit organization, or even for a company in the private sector.

Your job will include tasks such as:

  • Holding interviews and picking out the most suitable job candidates to recruit
  • Organizing the training of employees
  • Establishing a good company culture
  • Resolving potential issues between management and employees
  • Administering any benefits or compensation from the employer to the employees

Human resources administration jobs can be found in all sorts of big organizations, so look around and you’ll find one of these public administration jobs.

The median salary is $84,000.

10. Mayor – Average Salary $70,000

You read that right. Professionals who become very successful in one or more public administration jobs are often able to have their names put on the ballot in order to run for mayor. You may even land a position on the city council.

As a mayor, depending on the region, you may be responsible for:

  • Making and implementing new laws
  • Leading various departments of the local government
  • Creating new departments to combat specific issues
  • Welcoming visiting dignitaries
  • Maintaining the town’s budget
  • Overseeing the actions of the panel of citizens

In places where the mayor is the legislative head of the region, you’ll have the ability to veto decisions and to directly hire or fire department workers.

The median salary is round $61,000 for mayors and $70,000 for city managers.

Qualify for Public Administration Jobs

Your public administration career path begins with getting the right education.

This list has collected the top 10 public administration jobs based on median salaries and worker satisfaction according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and Payscale.

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